Jiló

Solanum gilo
Jiló, types comprido verde claro (right) and morro redondo (left) grown in Massachusetts and for sale at a Brazilian market in Massachusetts in 2014 (Photo by Frank Mangan)

Jiló, types comprido verde claro (right) and morro redondo (left) grown in Massachusetts and for sale at a Brazilian market in Massachusetts in 2014 (Photo by Frank Mangan)

Author(s): 

Frank Mangan, Zoraia Barros and Aline Marchese

Introduction

Jiló (Solanum gilo) is a type of eggplant popular in parts of Brazil. This plant is originally from Africa (Sękara, A. et. al. 2007) and was brought to Brazil with the slave trade. Jiló is also a staple in parts of Africa, where it is called garden egg in Eng ish and aubergine in French, among many other names in African languages. This Solanacious vegetable resembles “traditional” or European eggplant, Solanum melongena, in growth habit; however, the fruit of jiló is bitter and much smaller. The Brazilian market values jiló for its bitterness.

There are two basic types of jiló found in Brazil. One is called comprido verde claro (translating from Portuguese to "long, light green" in English - Figure 1) and the other is called morro redondo (translating from Portuguese to "round hill" in English - Figure 2). Morro Redondo is considered to be bitterer than comprido verde claro. The morro redondo type will also remain green, i.e. inmature and therefor marketable, longer than comprido verde claro types. Jiló starts out green and turns orange-red as it matures (Figure 3); Brazilians will traditionally not use jiló when it turns color. (In Massachusetts, African customers will buy both white and green garden egg/jiló that turns color as it matures.)

Jiló is popular mostly in Southeastern Brazil, including the states of Minas Gerais (Figure 4), Espírito Santo, Goiás and Bahia (Figure 5). It is also found in markets in Rio De Janeiro (Figure 6) and São Paulo. Massachusetts is estimated to have the largest Brazilian population in the United States and a large percentage of this population is from states in Southeastern Brazil, especially the state of Minas Gerais. In Minas Gerais, the jiló type preferred is comprido verde claro; however, one will also see some morro redondo in markets in this state. In some other parts of Brazil jiló is used only as bird food (Zoraia Barros, Personal Communication).

In some African countries there is a preference for green garden egg, i.e. jiló, in addition to white types (Figure 7). We have also identified popularity of jiló and garden egg among people from Bhutan and Burundi living in Massachusetts (Figure 8).

Jiló is used several ways in Brazilian cuisine, including as an ingredient in main dishes, soups, and fried. In Southeastern Brazil, it is common in bars and restaurants to snack onsautéed jiló and onions when drinking cachaça, the national drink of Brazil (This jiló and onion snack is called tira-gosto in Portuguese). Jiló and onions are considered a good alternative to other dishes that are traditionally used in bars, such as pork rinds (torresmo in Portuguese), sausages, and sardines, all of which are normally fried in oil. In rural areas of Brazil, where it is also known as jinjilo, jiló is an ingredient in a tonic used as a home remedy for influenza, colds, and fevers (Kurozawa, 2007). 

Figure 1. Jiló, comprido verde claro type, harvested at the UMass Research Farm on July 28, 2004. (Photo by Frank Mangan)
Figure 2. Jiló, morro redondo type, harvested at the UMass Research Farm on July 28, 2004. (Photo by Maria Moreira)
Figure 3. Mature jiló fruit, type comprido verde claro, on a plant at the UMass Research Farm in 2005 (Photo by Frank Mangan)
Figure 4. Jiló, comprido verde claro type, for sale at a market in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil in 2004 (Photo by Frank Mangan)
Figure 5. Jiló, morro redondo type, for sale at a market in Bahia SA, Brazil in 2004 (Photo by Frank Mangan)
Figure 6. Jiló, comprido verde claro type, for sale at a market in Rio de Janeiro in 2004. (Photo by Frank Mangan)
Figure 7. White and green garden egg for sale at a market in Roxbury MA in 2016. (Photo by Frank Mangan)
Figure 8. Customer from Berundi at a farmers' market in Worcester Mass. holding Jiló grown in Massachusetts in 2014. (Photo by Frank Mangan)

Production

Transplants
Jiló transplants should be started earlier than traditional European eggplant varieties in order to maximize growth in the field. In New England, the recommendation is to start "traditional"/European eggplant varieties 6–8 weeks before transplanting (Table 17: Germination and Growth of Vegetable Transplants, New England Vegetable Management Guide See "eggplant"). For jiló grown in Massachusetts, the recommendation is to start seeds 9 – 10 weeks before transplanting (Figure 9). Some farmers in Massachusetts will start jiló more than 12 weeks before transplanting, using pots for individual plants instead of transplant trays. Jiló plants will get much bigger than traditional European eggplants; plant heights exceeding six feet have been seen in Massachusetts (Figure 10). Under optimum conditions jiló will be ready for harvest by late July (Figure 11).
There has been a market for jiló transplants in the United States where there are Brazilian communities. Many Brazilian immigrants to the United States come for rural, agricultural regions of Brazil and have experience and interest in growing as much of their own food as they can in their home gardens, especially products that are part of their cuisine. Farmers in Massachusetts produce transplants for sale directly to customers or to Brazilian markets (Figure 12, Figure 13).  
 
Plant population
Because a jiló plant is much bigger than "traditional" European eggplants (S. melongena) grown in Massachusetts, it is recommended to plant jiló at a lower plant population per acre than S. melongena eggplant types. In 2005, a replicated variety was implemented at the UMass Research Farm in Deerfield Mass. to evaluate the yields of several eggplant varieties popular among immigrant groups. Among these were the two types of jiló: morro redondo and comprido verde claro. The plants were spaced at two feet the row with two rows of plants on black plastic spaced six feet on center, for a plant  population of 7,270 plant/A (Figure 14). The yield for morro redondo was 31,530 lbs./A and 31,500 lbs./A for comprido verde claro (Mendonca, R. et al, 2006). We now recommend lower plant populations for reasons stated above. With a jiló variety trial at the UMass Research Farm in 2014, the plant spacing was 1.5 feet in the row, with one row on degradable plastic set 6 feet on center for a plant population of 4,840/acre (Figure 14) (Figure 15).

https://worldcrops.org/sites/worldcrops.org/files/crops/production/IMG_8258.JPG Jiló should be harvested shortly before it matures; as stated above, Brazilians will not accept jiló that has turned color.

It is recommended to stake and trellis jiló due to the size of the plants (Figure 14, above) (Figure 16). Branches on plants not staked can break and reduce yields. 

Pest management
As an eggplant, jiló is susceptible to the same insect and disease pests as European eggplant types commonly grown in New England, such as Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), verticilium wilt (Verticillium app.), etc. The same pesticides and pest management strategies allowed for European eggplant in New England are also allowed for jiló. For specific information on fertility recommendations, production, and pest management for jiló grown in New England, refer to the  New England Vegetable Management Guide and click on "eggplant".
Figure "eggplant trial". Trial of eggplant varities, incluing two types of jiló, at the UMass REsearch Farm on July 15, 2005. Photo by Frank Mangan)
Figure 9. Jiló transplants in a commercial greenhouse in Massachusetts on May 15, 2015. The plants were started on March 12. (Photo by Frank Mangan)
Figure 10. Jiló being harvested on July 26, 2004 in Whatley, Mass. (Photo by Frank Mangan)
Figure 11. Jiló, comprido verde claro type, growing at the UMass Research Farm on July 7, 2014. It is not yet ready for harvest (Photo by Aline Marchese)
Figure 12. Jiló transplants produced in Massachusetts for sale at a Brazilian market in Framingham, Massachusetts in 2004. (Photo by Frank Mangan)
Figure 13. Close-up of jiló transplants produced in Massachusetts for sale at a Brazilian market in Framingham, Massachusetts in 2004. (Photo by Frank Mangan)
Figure 14. Aline Marchese and Zoraia Barros in a variety trial of jiló at the UMass Research Farm on July 29, 2015. Photo by Frank Mangan)
Figure 15. Jilo plants on May 29, 2014 at the UMass Research Farm in Deerfield MA shortly after transplanting. (Photo by Zoraia Barros)
Figure 16.  Jiló plants trellised in a high tunnel at the UMass Research Farm on July 21, 2014 (Picture by Frank Mangan)

Seed Sources

There have been multiple sources of jiló seed since we first started working with this crop in 2003, including two popular seed companies among commercial growers that carried jiló seed; however, these two larger companies no longer offer jiló as of 2013. There are other smaller seed companies that have offered jiló seed over the years; however, the cost per seed can be very high because it is usually sold in small amounts. In addition, some companies sell seed as ”jiló”, but it may not actually be authentic.

The best way to locate a seed company with jiló is to do a search online. You can try the following words in searchers:

1. “jiló”  combined with “seed”

2. “Solanum gilo” combined with “seed” (Solanum gilo is the genus and species of jiló)

You will most likely find “hits” with sites that have jiló seed for sale. You then want to make sure that the seed that a particular company has is in fact jiló. It is recommended to contact the seed company to get assurances that the plant is in fact jiló. If you are still not certain that the seed is in fact jiló, buy a small amount and grow it out on your farm or in a greenhouse. (If you have a heated greenhouse during the fall/winter months, you can start and grow-out several of the jiló seeds you bought to produce mature fruit instead of waiting to do so in the spring/summer months outside.) When you have marketable jiló fruit, find a Brazilin who uses jiló and ask them to confirm that is in fact jiló. (As described above, not all Brazilians eat jiló, so make sure you ask if they in fact know how jiló should taste). If it is authentic jiló, you want to let the fruit mature (i.e. turn red/orange) before saving seed. Seed from immature eggplants are not viable.

Note: It is illegal to bring seed, or any plant part, into the continental US without a permit from USDA, specifically APHIS. This is due to the concern of importing invasive species and/or plant diseases/insects that are not currently found in the United States. This means that you cannot buy seed, including jiló, from a company located outside of the United States.

In 2014, we evaluated hybrid and open-pollinated varieties of jiló from Brazil at the UMass Research Farm, some of which had higher yields than varieties being grown in Massachusetts. However, we have been unable to bring these varieties into the United States in volume for commercial production because of trade complications between our two countries. We are continuing to try and bring these jiló seeds to the US for production here.

Farmers who have jiló save seed from one season to the next, which is easy to do. So, once you find a source of authentic jiló make sure you save seed for the next season. UMass Amherst Amherst has produced videos to show the process of how to save seed from mature jiló  fruit. One video is in English and another is in Portuguese (português).
 

Post-Harvest and Packing

At the UMass Research Farm we wash both jiló and garden egg; however, eggplants can be packed without washing if they are not dirty. For jiló, both comprido verde claro and morro redondo, we use a traditional vegetable washer, as shown in this video:  Washing jiló in a vegetable washer at the UMass Research Farm in August, 2016. (Video by Frank Mangan). (Note: Some garden egg types, such as those grown at the UMass Research Farm in 2015 and 2016, were too small for this vegetable washer; the fruit falls through the brushes.)

We pack jiló in 1/2 bushel waxed boxes, which will fit 16 lbs. of fruit (Figure 17). One reason not to use a larger box, commonly used with European eggplant types, is the high price for jiló. When jiló harvest begins in late July/early August in New England, the wholesale price can be as high as $35/1/2 bushel ($2.20/lbs.). At that price, a bushel 1/9 case, which is standard for European eggplant, would be over $70 and could create "sticker shock". 

Figure 17. Jiló grown at the UMass Research Farm packed in 1/2 bushel waxed boxes in 2014 (Photo by Zoraia Barros).

Marketing and Pricing

Jiló is very popular among Brazilians from certain regions of this country, as described above. Whenever growing a new crop, it is important to make sure that there is a viable market for it BEFORE planting.

In Massachusetts, harvest begins in mid-late July and the price is quite high with the first harvests, as much as $2.50/lbs. wholesale and $5.99/lbs. retail (Figure 18). The majority of jiló grown in Massachusetts is sold wholesale. Some growers do sell it at farmers’ markets (Figure 19).

In addition, there are many small Brazilian markets that carry small amounts of jiló and prefer smaller cases. In many instances these smaller cases are provided to these stores by “jobbers” who pick up the jiló at terminal wholesale markets, such as the New England Produce Market in Chelsea Mass. (Jobbers, formally known as “peddlers,” are small to medium size wholesale operations that buy products from larger wholesale operations and deliver them to retail businesses (Kaufman et al., 2000). One jobber company in Massachusetts is Brazilian-owned and has over 30 accounts in Massachusetts, mostly made up of restaurants and small stores (Mangan, et. al.)) 

Figure 18. Jiló, both morro redondo (left) and comprido verde claro (right), grwon in Massachusetts for sale at a Brazilian market in Worcester Mass. in 2014 (Photo by Frank Mangan)
Figure 19. Jiló grown in Massachusetts for sale at a farmers' market in Lowell, Mass. in 2004. (Photo by Frank Mangan)

Promotional Information

It is recommended to use promotional activities to market jiló using Brazilian and Portuguese-language media (Many Brazilians live in areas where there are Portuguese-Americans). Due to the large Brazilian populations in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, and other regions in the Northeastern United States, there are multiple Brazilian media outlets that are interested in promoting activities of interest to their audience, such as crops grown in in the United States that are popular among Brazilians. These media outlets include:

  • Commercials on the Brazilian cable station Rede Globo Internacional. Commercials on the Brazilian cable station Rede Globo Internacional. This cable station is produced in Brazil and is available through a subscription in the United States. A very high percentage of Brazilians living in the US get Rede Globo Internacional in their homes, and it plays in Brazilian stores and restaurants, which is very cultural. Staff at UMass Amherst produced two 30-second commercials to be run on Rede Globo Internacional to promote jiló and other crops grown in Massachusetts that are popular among Brazilians living in the United States. One ran in 2006 (see commercial here) and the second ran in 2008 (see commercial here). For the commercial that ran in 2008, a cell phone number was dedicated to this project and put on the commercial for people to call for more information. As a testament to the value of Rede Globo Internacional, over 500 people called this number after this commercial ran to enquire how they could buy these crops. We let people know who called that the promoted vegetables in the Rede Globe Internancional  would be available for purchase at a cooperating supermarket on a specific date. We had three popular crops, grown at the UMass Research Farm, available for sale: taioba, maxixie and jiló (Figure 20). When people were allowed to buy the crops, there was a rush to buy as quickly as possible, in particular taioba, but also jilo and to a lesser extenst, maxixie (Figure 21).
  • We have also reached out to Brazilian media that have been very interested in doing complimentary articles about our work which has promoted sales Here are five articles promoting our work in Brazilian newspapers in the United States: 
  • There are Brazilian radio stations in Massachusetts that we have paid to do short spots on their programs to promote Brazilian crops.
Figure 20. UMass Portuguese-speaking staff set up to sell crops popular among Brazilians at a cooperating market in Ashland Mass in 2008. (Photo by Frank Mangan)
Figure 21. Brazilian customers rush the table where crops popular among Brazilians, grown at the UMass Research Farm, are available for sale at a market in Ashland Mass in 2008. (Photo by Frank Mangan)

Nutritional Information

The UMass Amherst Nutrition Education Team has developed recipes using jiló in English, Spanish and Portuguese

References

Barros, Z. (2010, June 10). Graduate studnet and author of this author of this artcile. She was born and raised in the state of Maranhão Brazil, located in the Northeastern Brazil

Kurozawa C. 2007. Glossário Globo Rural. Glossário Globo Rural Available in: http://globoruraltv.globo.com/GRural/0,27062,LTP0-4373-0-L-J,00. Accessed in May 17, 2007.

Mangan, F. R. Mendonça, M. Moreira. S. Nunes, F. Finger, Z. Barros, H. Galvão, G. Almeida, and M. Anderson. 2007. Production and marketing of vegetables for the ethnic markets in the United States. Revista Horticultura Brasileira. Horticultura Brasileira 26: 006-014.

Mendonca, Raquel U. de, M. Moreira, F. Mangan, and M. Moreira. 2006. Evaluation of eggplant (Solanum spp.) varieties for ethnic groups in the United States. Proceedings of the InterAmercian Society for Tropical Horticulture. Vol. 49. pp. 38-39.

Sękara, A., S. Cebula, and E. Kunicki. 2007. Cultivated eggplants – origin, breeding objectives and genetic resources, a review. Folia Horticulturae. 19/1, 2007, 97-114.

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Nigeria
Garden egg